{"id":12613,"date":"2017-07-21T21:13:26","date_gmt":"2017-07-22T02:13:26","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/gisgeography.com\/?p=12613"},"modified":"2025-04-09T06:35:20","modified_gmt":"2025-04-09T11:35:20","slug":"geodesy","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/gisgeography.com\/geodesy\/","title":{"rendered":"Geodesy: The Mathematics of &#8220;Where&#8221;"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1000\" height=\"540\" src=\"https:\/\/gisgeography.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/07\/What-Is-Geodesy.jpg\" alt=\"What Is Geodesy\" class=\"wp-image-97657\" srcset=\"https:\/\/gisgeography.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/07\/What-Is-Geodesy.jpg 1000w, https:\/\/gisgeography.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/07\/What-Is-Geodesy-300x162.jpg 300w, https:\/\/gisgeography.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/07\/What-Is-Geodesy-678x366.jpg 678w, https:\/\/gisgeography.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/07\/What-Is-Geodesy-768x415.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1000px) 100vw, 1000px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group\" style=\"padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--30);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--30)\"><div class=\"wp-block-group__inner-container is-layout-constrained wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\">\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Geodesy is the Framework Behind all Navigation<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Geodesy<\/strong> studies Earth\u2019s shape, orientation, and positions for the past, present, and future. It also studies where things are and where things are going with extreme accuracy. For example, geodesists measure:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Where things are<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Where they have been<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>And where they are going<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>In <strong><em>geometric<\/em> geodesy<\/strong>, it understands Earth&#8217;s positioning through geodetic datums and coordinate systems.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>On the other hand, <strong><em>physical<\/em> geodesy<\/strong> relates to Earth&#8217;s gravitational field and geoid.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Read on to learn about how geodesy is the framework behind all mapping and navigation.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group\" style=\"padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\"><div class=\"wp-block-group__inner-container is-layout-constrained wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\">\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Looking Down a Deep Well<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>This <a href=\"https:\/\/youtu.be\/_Cj1vgmXr5M\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">geodesy video created by NASA<\/a> gives a more clear-cut example of the concept and history of geodesy.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>To summarize the video, humans have always had a curiosity about the planet we live on. Actually, geodesy dates back to 200 BC, when Eratosthenes started <strong>measuring the sun&#8217;s angle in two cities<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>In the first city, the sun was directly above a deep well. But in the city to the north, the sun was casting a shadow in the well. He measured the angle of the shadow in the northern city and the distance between both cities.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Using these measurements, he mathematically <strong>estimated the Earth&#8217;s circumference<\/strong>. At this very moment, it was the birth of geodesy.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group\" style=\"padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\"><div class=\"wp-block-group__inner-container is-layout-constrained wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\">\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">The Framework of Everything \u201cWhere\u201d<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>If you think about it, the whole <a href=\"https:\/\/gisgeography.com\/geomatics-gis-difference\/\">field of geomatics<\/a> lies on the shoulders of geodesists. Because it&#8217;s really geodesy that is the framework behind all surveying, mapping, and navigation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>A while back, surveyors would make measurements <strong>in front and behind them<\/strong>. Using this system of points, triangulation, and stars as reference points, we can reliably use it as a reference frame to locate positions. Geodesists have adopted an <a href=\"http:\/\/gisgeography.com\/ellipsoid-oblate-spheroid-earth\/\">ellipsoid model<\/a> to determine <a href=\"http:\/\/gisgeography.com\/latitude-longitude-coordinates\/\">latitude and longitude coordinates<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Actually, it&#8217;s the National Spatial Referencing System managed by the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ngs.noaa.gov\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">National Geodetic Survey<\/a> that is the foundation for all horizontal control such as longitude, latitude, SPCS, and heights. It&#8217;s the system of reference used to <strong>map shorelines and determine legal boundaries<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>As time passed by, geodesists used radio dishes, telescopes, and satellites. For example, the <a href=\"http:\/\/gisgeography.com\/wgs84-world-geodetic-system\/\">World Geodetic System WGS84<\/a> is the reference frame for satellite receivers. Unlike <a href=\"http:\/\/gisgeography.com\/nad83-north-american-datum\/\">NAD83<\/a>, it&#8217;s important to note that WGS84 is a geocentric datum.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Now, geodesists use GPS to pinpoint positions on the land. Further to this, GPS satellites can track the movement of the land. In fact, the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ngs.noaa.gov\/datums\/newdatums\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">coordinate system for 2022 and beyond<\/a> will incorporate time. This includes plate tectonic movements, gravity and geoid undulations, and how they change with time.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group\" style=\"padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\"><div class=\"wp-block-group__inner-container is-layout-constrained wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\">\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Earth&#8217;s Rotation and Gravity<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.iers.org\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">International Earth Rotation and Reference System Service (IERS)<\/a> is responsible for Earth rotation dynamics. Does the Earth wobble on its axis? How long are its days? Are there plate tectonic movements?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Now, this organization doesn&#8217;t physically measure anything but they collect it from organizations such as NOAA and <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nrcan.gc.ca\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Natural Resources Canada<\/a>. By collaborating with these partner groups, IERS produces the International Terrestrial Referencing System which is more the physics of <strong>how the Earth moves<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Aside from Earth&#8217;s rotation, geodesy studies Earth&#8217;s gravity field. Satellites like <a href=\"http:\/\/www.esa.int\/Our_Activities\/Observing_the_Earth\/GOCE\/Satellite\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">GOCE<\/a> and <a href=\"https:\/\/www.jpl.nasa.gov\/missions\/gravity-recovery-and-climate-experiment-grace\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">GRACE<\/a> have orbited Earth to study our planet&#8217;s changing size and gravity with the geoid model.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The <a href=\"http:\/\/gisgeography.com\/geoid-mean-sea-level\/\">geoid represents the mean sea level<\/a> or equipotential surface. However, it&#8217;s not only water, it includes the land as well. There are hundreds of applications in understanding gravity including the changing height and size of the ocean and ice sheets, including <strong>how the tides work<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group\" style=\"padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\"><div class=\"wp-block-group__inner-container is-layout-constrained wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\">\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Just Scratching the Surface<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>As you&#8217;ve discovered today, the field of geodesy <strong>builds the framework<\/strong> for all positions and measurements on Earth.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>It&#8217;s the branch of applied mathematics that determines the size, shape, and coordinates on the surface of the Earth.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>But geodesy also includes other elements like <strong>Earth&#8217;s gravitational field and rotation<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Are you planning on becoming a geodesist? What are some of your thoughts on the field of geodesy?<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Geodesy is the field of applied mathematics that studies Earth\u2019s shape, orientation, positions and gravity for the past, present and future.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":97657,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_kad_blocks_custom_css":"","_kad_blocks_head_custom_js":"","_kad_blocks_body_custom_js":"","_kad_blocks_footer_custom_js":"","_kad_post_transparent":"default","_kad_post_title":"default","_kad_post_layout":"default","_kad_post_sidebar_id":"","_kad_post_content_style":"default","_kad_post_vertical_padding":"default","_kad_post_feature":"","_kad_post_feature_position":"","_kad_post_header":false,"_kad_post_footer":false,"_kad_post_classname":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[108],"tags":[524],"class_list":["post-12613","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-maps-cartography","tag-geodesy"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.6 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Geodesy: The Mathematics of &quot;Where&quot; 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