{"id":14343,"date":"2017-03-05T20:49:26","date_gmt":"2017-03-06T02:49:26","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/gisgeography.com\/?p=14343"},"modified":"2025-05-29T20:16:50","modified_gmt":"2025-05-30T01:16:50","slug":"tobler-first-law-of-geography","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/gisgeography.com\/tobler-first-law-of-geography\/","title":{"rendered":"What is Tobler&#8217;s First Law of Geography?"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"678\" height=\"381\" src=\"https:\/\/gisgeography.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/03\/Tobler-First-Law-678x381.jpg\" alt=\"Tobler First Law\" class=\"wp-image-97653\" srcset=\"https:\/\/gisgeography.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/03\/Tobler-First-Law-678x381.jpg 678w, https:\/\/gisgeography.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/03\/Tobler-First-Law-300x169.jpg 300w, https:\/\/gisgeography.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/03\/Tobler-First-Law-768x432.jpg 768w, https:\/\/gisgeography.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/03\/Tobler-First-Law.jpg 800w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 678px) 100vw, 678px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n<style>.kadence-column14343_1b7104-5f13 > .kt-inside-inner-col{display:flex;}.kadence-column14343_1b7104-5f13 > .kt-inside-inner-col{padding-top:var(--global-kb-spacing-xs, 1rem);padding-right:var(--global-kb-spacing-xs, 1rem);padding-bottom:var(--global-kb-spacing-xs, 1rem);padding-left:var(--global-kb-spacing-xs, 1rem);}.kadence-column14343_1b7104-5f13 > .kt-inside-inner-col{border-top:1px solid #d3d3d3;border-right:1px solid #d3d3d3;border-bottom:1px solid #d3d3d3;border-left:1px solid #d3d3d3;}.kadence-column14343_1b7104-5f13 > .kt-inside-inner-col,.kadence-column14343_1b7104-5f13 > .kt-inside-inner-col:before{border-top-left-radius:10px;border-top-right-radius:10px;border-bottom-right-radius:10px;border-bottom-left-radius:10px;}.kadence-column14343_1b7104-5f13 > .kt-inside-inner-col{row-gap:var(--global-kb-gap-none, 0rem );column-gap:var(--global-kb-gap-sm, 1rem);}.kadence-column14343_1b7104-5f13 > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;}.kadence-column14343_1b7104-5f13 > .kt-inside-inner-col > .aligncenter{width:100%;}.kadence-column14343_1b7104-5f13 > .kt-inside-inner-col:before{opacity:0.3;}.kadence-column14343_1b7104-5f13{position:relative;}.kadence-column14343_1b7104-5f13, .kt-inside-inner-col > .kadence-column14343_1b7104-5f13:not(.specificity){margin-top:var(--global-kb-spacing-md, 2rem);margin-bottom:var(--global-kb-spacing-md, 2rem);}@media all and (max-width: 1024px){.kadence-column14343_1b7104-5f13 > .kt-inside-inner-col{border-top:1px solid #d3d3d3;border-right:1px solid #d3d3d3;border-bottom:1px solid #d3d3d3;border-left:1px solid #d3d3d3;flex-direction:column;justify-content:center;}}@media all and (max-width: 767px){.kadence-column14343_1b7104-5f13 > .kt-inside-inner-col{border-top:1px solid #d3d3d3;border-right:1px solid #d3d3d3;border-bottom:1px solid #d3d3d3;border-left:1px solid #d3d3d3;flex-direction:column;justify-content:center;}}<\/style>\n<div class=\"wp-block-kadence-column kadence-column14343_1b7104-5f13\"><div class=\"kt-inside-inner-col\"><style>.wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading14343_e1c2f3-3411, .wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading14343_e1c2f3-3411[data-kb-block=\"kb-adv-heading14343_e1c2f3-3411\"]{padding-bottom:0px;margin-bottom:var(--global-kb-spacing-xxs, 0.5rem);font-size:16px;font-style:normal;}.wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading14343_e1c2f3-3411 mark.kt-highlight, .wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading14343_e1c2f3-3411[data-kb-block=\"kb-adv-heading14343_e1c2f3-3411\"] mark.kt-highlight{font-style:normal;color:#f76a0c;-webkit-box-decoration-break:clone;box-decoration-break:clone;padding-top:0px;padding-right:0px;padding-bottom:0px;padding-left:0px;}.wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading14343_e1c2f3-3411 img.kb-inline-image, .wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading14343_e1c2f3-3411[data-kb-block=\"kb-adv-heading14343_e1c2f3-3411\"] img.kb-inline-image{width:150px;vertical-align:baseline;}<\/style>\n<p class=\"kt-adv-heading14343_e1c2f3-3411 wp-block-kadence-advancedheading\" data-kb-block=\"kb-adv-heading14343_e1c2f3-3411\"><strong>DEFINITION:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n<style>.wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading14343_4be804-bf12, .wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading14343_4be804-bf12[data-kb-block=\"kb-adv-heading14343_4be804-bf12\"]{font-size:16px;font-style:normal;}.wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading14343_4be804-bf12 mark.kt-highlight, .wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading14343_4be804-bf12[data-kb-block=\"kb-adv-heading14343_4be804-bf12\"] mark.kt-highlight{font-style:normal;color:#f76a0c;-webkit-box-decoration-break:clone;box-decoration-break:clone;padding-top:0px;padding-right:0px;padding-bottom:0px;padding-left:0px;}.wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading14343_4be804-bf12 img.kb-inline-image, .wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading14343_4be804-bf12[data-kb-block=\"kb-adv-heading14343_4be804-bf12\"] img.kb-inline-image{width:150px;vertical-align:baseline;}<\/style>\n<p class=\"kt-adv-heading14343_4be804-bf12 wp-block-kadence-advancedheading\" data-kb-block=\"kb-adv-heading14343_4be804-bf12\">Tobler\u2019s First Law explains that the closer two things are, the more they tend to influence or resemble each other.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group\" style=\"padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--30);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--30)\"><div class=\"wp-block-group__inner-container is-layout-constrained wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\">\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Tobler&#8217;s First Law of Geography<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Everything is related to everything else. But near things are more related than distant things. This is the <strong>first law of Geography<\/strong> introduced by Waldo R. Tobler in 1969.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>This law suggests that objects or phenomena that are geographically close to each other are more likely to be similar or have some kind of spatial relationship compared to objects that are farther apart.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>For example, this concept applies to pollution, noise, soil sciences, and countless phenomena. Here are some more examples of the first law of Geography.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-css-opacity is-style-default\"\/>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote has-text-align-center is-style-large is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p>Everything is related to everything else, but near things are more related than distant things.<\/p>\n<cite>Waldo R. Tobler<\/cite><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-css-opacity is-style-default\"\/>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group\" style=\"padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\"><div class=\"wp-block-group__inner-container is-layout-constrained wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\">\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Example 1. Store Locations<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>An example of Tobler&#8217;s First Law of Geography can be seen in <strong>economic activities<\/strong>. Let&#8217;s consider the distribution of retail stores in a city.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>According to Tobler&#8217;s law, stores that are located close to each other are more likely to have <strong>similar customer demographics<\/strong>, purchasing patterns, and even types of goods sold.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"850\" height=\"405\" src=\"https:\/\/gisgeography.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/09\/Geocoders-Feature.jpg\" alt=\"Geocoders Feature\" class=\"wp-image-97249\" style=\"width:625px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/gisgeography.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/09\/Geocoders-Feature.jpg 850w, https:\/\/gisgeography.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/09\/Geocoders-Feature-300x143.jpg 300w, https:\/\/gisgeography.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/09\/Geocoders-Feature-678x323.jpg 678w, https:\/\/gisgeography.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/09\/Geocoders-Feature-768x366.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 850px) 100vw, 850px\" \/><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<p>This is because customers in a specific neighborhood are more likely to visit nearby stores due to convenience and accessibility, leading to shared characteristics among stores in close proximity.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>In contrast, stores located in distant neighborhoods might serve different customer segments, offer different products, and exhibit variations in business performance due to differences in demographics, local preferences, and accessibility.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group\" style=\"padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\"><div class=\"wp-block-group__inner-container is-layout-constrained wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\"><style>.wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading14343_110a8d-aa, .wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading14343_110a8d-aa[data-kb-block=\"kb-adv-heading14343_110a8d-aa\"]{padding-top:var(--global-kb-spacing-md, 2rem);font-style:normal;}.wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading14343_110a8d-aa mark.kt-highlight, .wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading14343_110a8d-aa[data-kb-block=\"kb-adv-heading14343_110a8d-aa\"] mark.kt-highlight{font-style:normal;color:#f76a0c;-webkit-box-decoration-break:clone;box-decoration-break:clone;padding-top:0px;padding-right:0px;padding-bottom:0px;padding-left:0px;}.wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading14343_110a8d-aa img.kb-inline-image, .wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading14343_110a8d-aa[data-kb-block=\"kb-adv-heading14343_110a8d-aa\"] img.kb-inline-image{width:150px;vertical-align:baseline;}<\/style>\n<h3 class=\"kt-adv-heading14343_110a8d-aa wp-block-kadence-advancedheading\" data-kb-block=\"kb-adv-heading14343_110a8d-aa\">Example 2. Semivariograms as Graphs<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>If you look <strong>1 meter<\/strong> ahead, the terrain elevation is very likely to be the same. When you look <strong>5 meters<\/strong> ahead, the ground elevation is going to be a little less similar. But it may start to vary. Now, when you look <strong>100 meters<\/strong> away, elevation varies more to the point that they aren&#8217;t related.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>We use semi-variograms in <a href=\"https:\/\/gisgeography.com\/kriging-interpolation-prediction\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">kriging interpolation<\/a> to understand patterns related to distance. Semi-variograms take <strong>2 sample locations<\/strong> and denote the distance between points as <em>h<\/em>.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"500\" height=\"286\" src=\"https:\/\/gisgeography.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/11\/semi-variogram-soil-samples-500x286.png\" alt=\"semi-variogram soil samples\" class=\"wp-image-12801\" srcset=\"https:\/\/gisgeography.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/11\/semi-variogram-soil-samples-500x286.png 500w, https:\/\/gisgeography.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/11\/semi-variogram-soil-samples-300x171.png 300w, https:\/\/gisgeography.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/11\/semi-variogram-soil-samples-50x29.png 50w, https:\/\/gisgeography.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/11\/semi-variogram-soil-samples-70x40.png 70w, https:\/\/gisgeography.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/11\/semi-variogram-soil-samples-200x114.png 200w, https:\/\/gisgeography.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/11\/semi-variogram-soil-samples-425x243.png 425w, https:\/\/gisgeography.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/11\/semi-variogram-soil-samples-115x66.png 115w, https:\/\/gisgeography.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/11\/semi-variogram-soil-samples-271x155.png 271w, https:\/\/gisgeography.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/11\/semi-variogram-soil-samples.png 520w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\" \/><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<p>The x-axis plots the distance (h) between points. It groups distance by lags. Based on pairs, it measures the variance between the response variable (on the y-axis) and the distance between those two points on the x-axis.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>As distance increases, the response variable becomes less predictable and is less related. But for closer things, the response is more predictable and has less variability. Overall, <a href=\"https:\/\/gisgeography.com\/semi-variogram-nugget-range-sill\/\">semi-variograms<\/a> show <strong>Tobler\u2019s First Law of Geography<\/strong> by graphing a variable by distance.<\/p>\n\n\n<style>.kb-row-layout-wrap.wp-block-kadence-rowlayout.kb-row-layout-id14343_380767-b9{margin-top:25px;margin-bottom:25px;}.kb-row-layout-id14343_380767-b9 > .kt-row-column-wrap{align-content:start;}:where(.kb-row-layout-id14343_380767-b9 > .kt-row-column-wrap) > .wp-block-kadence-column{justify-content:start;}.kb-row-layout-id14343_380767-b9 > .kt-row-column-wrap{column-gap:var(--global-kb-gap-md, 2rem);row-gap:var(--global-kb-gap-sm, 1rem);padding-top:5px;padding-right:30px;padding-bottom:5px;padding-left:30px;grid-template-columns:minmax(0, 1fr);}.kb-row-layout-id14343_380767-b9{border-top:1px solid #dedede;border-right:1px solid #dedede;border-bottom:1px solid #dedede;border-left:1px solid #dedede;}.kb-row-layout-id14343_380767-b9 > .kt-row-layout-overlay{opacity:0.30;}@media all and (max-width: 1024px){.kb-row-layout-id14343_380767-b9 > .kt-row-column-wrap{grid-template-columns:minmax(0, 1fr);}}@media all and (max-width: 1024px){.kb-row-layout-id14343_380767-b9{border-top:1px solid #dedede;border-right:1px solid #dedede;border-bottom:1px solid #dedede;border-left:1px solid #dedede;}}@media all and (max-width: 767px){.kb-row-layout-id14343_380767-b9 > .kt-row-column-wrap{grid-template-columns:minmax(0, 1fr);}.kb-row-layout-id14343_380767-b9{border-top:1px solid #dedede;border-right:1px solid #dedede;border-bottom:1px solid #dedede;border-left:1px solid #dedede;}}<\/style><div class=\"kb-row-layout-wrap kb-row-layout-id14343_380767-b9 alignnone wp-block-kadence-rowlayout\"><div class=\"kt-row-column-wrap kt-has-1-columns kt-row-layout-equal kt-tab-layout-inherit kt-mobile-layout-row kt-row-valign-top\">\n<style>.kadence-column14343_d291f5-48 > .kt-inside-inner-col,.kadence-column14343_d291f5-48 > .kt-inside-inner-col:before{border-top-left-radius:0px;border-top-right-radius:0px;border-bottom-right-radius:0px;border-bottom-left-radius:0px;}.kadence-column14343_d291f5-48 > .kt-inside-inner-col{column-gap:var(--global-kb-gap-sm, 1rem);}.kadence-column14343_d291f5-48 > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;}.kadence-column14343_d291f5-48 > .kt-inside-inner-col > .aligncenter{width:100%;}.kadence-column14343_d291f5-48 > .kt-inside-inner-col:before{opacity:0.3;}.kadence-column14343_d291f5-48{position:relative;}@media all and (max-width: 1024px){.kadence-column14343_d291f5-48 > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;justify-content:center;}}@media all and (max-width: 767px){.kadence-column14343_d291f5-48 > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;justify-content:center;}}<\/style>\n<div class=\"wp-block-kadence-column kadence-column14343_d291f5-48 inner-column-1\"><div class=\"kt-inside-inner-col\"><style>.wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading14343_931b68-2f, .wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading14343_931b68-2f[data-kb-block=\"kb-adv-heading14343_931b68-2f\"]{padding-top:10px;padding-bottom:15px;font-size:20px;font-style:normal;}.wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading14343_931b68-2f mark.kt-highlight, .wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading14343_931b68-2f[data-kb-block=\"kb-adv-heading14343_931b68-2f\"] mark.kt-highlight{font-style:normal;color:#f76a0c;-webkit-box-decoration-break:clone;box-decoration-break:clone;padding-top:0px;padding-right:0px;padding-bottom:0px;padding-left:0px;}.wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading14343_931b68-2f img.kb-inline-image, .wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading14343_931b68-2f[data-kb-block=\"kb-adv-heading14343_931b68-2f\"] img.kb-inline-image{width:150px;vertical-align:baseline;}<\/style>\n<div class=\"kt-adv-heading14343_931b68-2f wp-block-kadence-advancedheading\" data-kb-block=\"kb-adv-heading14343_931b68-2f\"><strong>Get an understanding of GIS:<\/strong><\/div>\n\n\n<style>.kb-row-layout-wrap.wp-block-kadence-rowlayout.kb-row-layout-id14343_de1d84-7c{margin-top:0px;margin-bottom:0px;}.kb-row-layout-id14343_de1d84-7c > .kt-row-column-wrap{align-content:start;}:where(.kb-row-layout-id14343_de1d84-7c > .kt-row-column-wrap) > .wp-block-kadence-column{justify-content:start;}.kb-row-layout-id14343_de1d84-7c > .kt-row-column-wrap{column-gap:var(--global-kb-gap-md, 2rem);row-gap:var(--global-kb-gap-sm, 1rem);padding-top:0px;padding-bottom:0px;grid-template-columns:minmax(0, 1fr);}.kb-row-layout-id14343_de1d84-7c > .kt-row-layout-overlay{opacity:0.30;}@media all and (max-width: 1024px){.kb-row-layout-id14343_de1d84-7c > .kt-row-column-wrap{grid-template-columns:minmax(0, 1fr);}}@media all and (max-width: 767px){.kb-row-layout-id14343_de1d84-7c > .kt-row-column-wrap{padding-bottom:5px;grid-template-columns:minmax(0, 1fr);}}<\/style><div class=\"kb-row-layout-wrap kb-row-layout-id14343_de1d84-7c alignnone wp-block-kadence-rowlayout\"><div class=\"kt-row-column-wrap kt-has-1-columns kt-row-layout-equal kt-tab-layout-inherit kt-mobile-layout-row kt-row-valign-top\">\n<style>.kadence-column14343_4a6f4f-af > .kt-inside-inner-col{padding-top:0px;padding-bottom:0px;}.kadence-column14343_4a6f4f-af > .kt-inside-inner-col,.kadence-column14343_4a6f4f-af > .kt-inside-inner-col:before{border-top-left-radius:0px;border-top-right-radius:0px;border-bottom-right-radius:0px;border-bottom-left-radius:0px;}.kadence-column14343_4a6f4f-af > .kt-inside-inner-col{column-gap:var(--global-kb-gap-sm, 1rem);}.kadence-column14343_4a6f4f-af > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;}.kadence-column14343_4a6f4f-af > .kt-inside-inner-col > .aligncenter{width:100%;}.kadence-column14343_4a6f4f-af > .kt-inside-inner-col:before{opacity:0.3;}.kadence-column14343_4a6f4f-af{position:relative;}.kadence-column14343_4a6f4f-af, .kt-inside-inner-col > .kadence-column14343_4a6f4f-af:not(.specificity){margin-top:0px;margin-bottom:0px;}@media all and (max-width: 1024px){.kadence-column14343_4a6f4f-af > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;justify-content:center;}}@media all and (max-width: 767px){.kadence-column14343_4a6f4f-af > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;justify-content:center;}}<\/style>\n<div class=\"wp-block-kadence-column kadence-column14343_4a6f4f-af inner-column-1\"><div class=\"kt-inside-inner-col\"><style>.kt-post-loop14343_83cc10-16 .kadence-post-image{padding-top:0px;padding-right:15px;padding-bottom:10px;padding-left:0px;}.kt-post-loop14343_83cc10-16 .kt-feat-image-align-left{grid-template-columns:30% auto;}.kt-post-loop14343_83cc10-16 .kt-post-grid-wrap{gap:5px 25px;}.kt-post-loop14343_83cc10-16 .kt-blocks-post-grid-item{border-top-left-radius:0px;border-top-right-radius:0px;border-bottom-right-radius:0px;border-bottom-left-radius:0px;overflow:hidden;}.kt-post-loop14343_83cc10-16 .kt-blocks-post-grid-item header{padding-top:0px;padding-right:0px;padding-bottom:10px;padding-left:0px;margin-top:0px;margin-right:0px;margin-bottom:0px;margin-left:0px;}.kt-post-loop14343_83cc10-16 .kt-blocks-post-grid-item .kt-blocks-above-categories{font-size:13px;line-height:20px;text-transform:uppercase;}.kt-post-loop14343_83cc10-16 .kt-blocks-post-grid-item .entry-title{padding-top:0px;padding-right:0px;padding-bottom:0px;padding-left:0px;margin-top:0px;margin-right:0px;margin-bottom:0px;margin-left:0px;font-size:18px;line-height:20px;}.kt-post-loop14343_83cc10-16 .entry-content{padding-top:0px;padding-right:0px;padding-bottom:0px;padding-left:0px;margin-top:0px;margin-right:0px;margin-bottom:0px;margin-left:0px;font-size:14px;line-height:24px;}.kt-post-loop14343_83cc10-16 .kt-blocks-post-footer{border-top-width:0px;border-right-width:0px;border-bottom-width:0px;border-left-width:0px;padding-top:0px;padding-right:0px;padding-bottom:0px;padding-left:0px;margin-top:0px;margin-right:0px;margin-bottom:0px;margin-left:0px;font-size:12px;line-height:20px;text-transform:uppercase;}.kt-post-loop14343_83cc10-16 .entry-content:after{height:0px;}.kt-post-loop14343_83cc10-16 .kb-filter-item{border-top-width:0px;border-right-width:0px;border-bottom-width:2px;border-left-width:0px;padding-top:5px;padding-right:8px;padding-bottom:5px;padding-left:8px;margin-top:0px;margin-right:10px;margin-bottom:0px;margin-left:0px;}<\/style><div class=\"wp-block-kadence-postgrid kt-blocks-post-loop-block alignnone kt-post-loop14343_83cc10-16 kt-post-grid-layout-grid \"><div class=\"kt-post-grid-layout-grid-wrap kt-post-grid-wrap\" data-columns-xxl=\"2\" data-columns-xl=\"2\" data-columns-md=\"2\" data-columns-sm=\"2\" data-columns-xs=\"1\" data-columns-ss=\"1\"data-item-selector=\".kt-post-masonry-item\" aria-label=\"Post Carousel\"><article class=\"kt-blocks-post-grid-item post-16491 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-gis-analysis tag-gis-concepts\"><div class=\"kt-blocks-post-grid-item-inner-wrap kt-feat-image-align-left kt-feat-image-mobile-align-side\"><div class=\"kadence-post-image\"><div class=\"kadence-post-image-intrisic kt-image-ratio-nocrop\" style=\"padding-bottom:58.6%;\"><div class=\"kadence-post-image-inner-intrisic\"><a aria-hidden=\"true\" tabindex=\"-1\" role=\"presentation\" href=\"https:\/\/gisgeography.com\/distance-decay\/\" aria-label=\"Distance Decay: How Far Would You Travel?\" class=\"kadence-post-image-inner-wrap\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1000\" height=\"586\" src=\"https:\/\/gisgeography.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/10\/Distance-Decay.jpg\" class=\"attachment-Small Size size-Small Size wp-post-image\" alt=\"Distance Decay\" srcset=\"https:\/\/gisgeography.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/10\/Distance-Decay.jpg 1000w, https:\/\/gisgeography.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/10\/Distance-Decay-300x176.jpg 300w, https:\/\/gisgeography.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/10\/Distance-Decay-678x397.jpg 678w, https:\/\/gisgeography.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/10\/Distance-Decay-768x450.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1000px) 100vw, 1000px\" \/><\/a><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"kt-blocks-post-grid-item-inner\"><header><h6 class=\"entry-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/gisgeography.com\/distance-decay\/\">Distance Decay: How Far Would You Travel?<\/a><\/h6><div class=\"kt-blocks-post-top-meta\"><\/div><\/header><div class=\"entry-content\"><\/div><footer class=\"kt-blocks-post-footer\"><div class=\"kt-blocks-post-footer-left\"><\/div><div class=\"kt-blocks-post-footer-right\"><\/div><\/footer><\/div><\/div><\/article><article class=\"kt-blocks-post-grid-item post-66487 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-gis-analysis tag-gis-concepts\"><div class=\"kt-blocks-post-grid-item-inner-wrap kt-feat-image-align-left kt-feat-image-mobile-align-side\"><div class=\"kadence-post-image\"><div class=\"kadence-post-image-intrisic kt-image-ratio-nocrop\" style=\"padding-bottom:57.7%;\"><div class=\"kadence-post-image-inner-intrisic\"><a aria-hidden=\"true\" tabindex=\"-1\" role=\"presentation\" href=\"https:\/\/gisgeography.com\/spatial-relationships\/\" aria-label=\"How To Think Spatially with Spatial Relationships\" class=\"kadence-post-image-inner-wrap\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1000\" height=\"577\" src=\"https:\/\/gisgeography.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/Spatial-Relationships.jpg\" class=\"attachment-Small Size size-Small Size wp-post-image\" alt=\"Spatial Relationships\" srcset=\"https:\/\/gisgeography.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/Spatial-Relationships.jpg 1000w, https:\/\/gisgeography.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/Spatial-Relationships-300x173.jpg 300w, https:\/\/gisgeography.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/Spatial-Relationships-678x391.jpg 678w, https:\/\/gisgeography.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/Spatial-Relationships-768x443.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1000px) 100vw, 1000px\" \/><\/a><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"kt-blocks-post-grid-item-inner\"><header><h6 class=\"entry-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/gisgeography.com\/spatial-relationships\/\">How To Think Spatially with Spatial Relationships<\/a><\/h6><div class=\"kt-blocks-post-top-meta\"><\/div><\/header><div class=\"entry-content\"><\/div><footer class=\"kt-blocks-post-footer\"><div class=\"kt-blocks-post-footer-left\"><\/div><div class=\"kt-blocks-post-footer-right\"><\/div><\/footer><\/div><\/div><\/article><\/div><\/div><!-- .wp-block-kadence-postgrid --><\/div><\/div>\n\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group\" style=\"padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\"><div class=\"wp-block-group__inner-container is-layout-constrained wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\">\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Example 3. Spatial Autocorrelation and Moran&#8217;s I<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>We can describe Tobler&#8217;s First Law of Geography numerically with autocorrelation. Spatial autocorrelation helps understand how similar <strong>closer objects<\/strong> are to other nearby objects. <strong>Moran\u2019s Index<\/strong> (or simply Moran\u2019s I) measures spatial autocorrelation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>We classify Moran\u2019s I as positive, negative, and with no spatial auto-correlation.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter\"><a href=\"http:\/\/gisgeography.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/02\/Spatial-Autocorrelation.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"624\" height=\"217\" src=\"http:\/\/gisgeography.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/02\/Spatial-Autocorrelation.png\" alt=\"Spatial Autocorrelation\" class=\"wp-image-14350\" srcset=\"https:\/\/gisgeography.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/02\/Spatial-Autocorrelation.png 624w, https:\/\/gisgeography.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/02\/Spatial-Autocorrelation-300x104.png 300w, https:\/\/gisgeography.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/02\/Spatial-Autocorrelation-50x17.png 50w, https:\/\/gisgeography.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/02\/Spatial-Autocorrelation-620x217.png 620w, https:\/\/gisgeography.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/02\/Spatial-Autocorrelation-200x70.png 200w, https:\/\/gisgeography.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/02\/Spatial-Autocorrelation-425x148.png 425w, https:\/\/gisgeography.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/02\/Spatial-Autocorrelation-550x191.png 550w, https:\/\/gisgeography.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/02\/Spatial-Autocorrelation-115x40.png 115w, https:\/\/gisgeography.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/02\/Spatial-Autocorrelation-446x155.png 446w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 624px) 100vw, 624px\" \/><\/a><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<p>Positive spatial autocorrelation indicates similar values cluster in a map. But negative spatial autocorrelation indicates dissimilar values cluster in a map. A value of 0 for <a href=\"https:\/\/gisgeography.com\/spatial-autocorrelation-moran-i-gis\/\">Moran\u2019s I<\/a> typically indicates no autocorrelation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Using spatial autocorrelation, geographers understand whether or not diseases and other phenomena are isolated. Moran\u2019s I can imply the phenomena is spreading with dispersion or clustering.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group\" style=\"padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\"><div class=\"wp-block-group__inner-container is-layout-constrained wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\">\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">The First Law of Geography<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Tobler&#8217;s First Law of Geography is based on cost distance or <a href=\"http:\/\/gisgeography.com\/distance-decay\/\">distance decay<\/a>. This means there is a greater hindrance to two places farther apart.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>For example, people are less likely to travel a greater distance to visit a store as shown in <a href=\"http:\/\/gisgeography.com\/huff-gravity-model\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Huff&#8217;s Gravity Model<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>As distance increases, the greater the hindrance to transportation costs and purchases.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Now, bonus points to anyone who can describe the lesser-known <strong>Second Law of Geography<\/strong>. Let me know in the comment section below.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Tobler&#8217;s First Law of Geography states that everything is related to everything else, but near things are more related than distant things.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":96794,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_kad_blocks_custom_css":"","_kad_blocks_head_custom_js":"","_kad_blocks_body_custom_js":"","_kad_blocks_footer_custom_js":"","_kad_post_transparent":"default","_kad_post_title":"default","_kad_post_layout":"default","_kad_post_sidebar_id":"","_kad_post_content_style":"default","_kad_post_vertical_padding":"default","_kad_post_feature":"","_kad_post_feature_position":"","_kad_post_header":false,"_kad_post_footer":false,"_kad_post_classname":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[90],"tags":[430],"class_list":["post-14343","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-gis-analysis","tag-gis-concepts"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.6 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>What is Tobler&#039;s First Law of 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