{"id":15813,"date":"2017-05-09T04:52:25","date_gmt":"2017-05-09T09:52:25","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/gisgeography.com\/?p=15813"},"modified":"2025-04-02T05:03:08","modified_gmt":"2025-04-02T10:03:08","slug":"ndvi-normalized-difference-vegetation-index","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/gisgeography.com\/ndvi-normalized-difference-vegetation-index\/","title":{"rendered":"What is NDVI (Normalized Difference Vegetation Index)?"},"content":{"rendered":"
\n
\"What<\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n
\n

What is NDVI (Normalized Difference Vegetation Index)?<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

NDVI always ranges from -1 to +1. But there isn’t a distinct boundary for each type of land cover<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

For example, when you have negative values, it’s highly likely that it’s water<\/strong>. On the other hand, if you have an NDVI value close to +1, there’s a high possibility that it’s dense green leaves<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But when NDVI is close to zero, there are likely no green leaves and it could even be an urbanized area<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

NDVI is the most common index that analysts use in remote sensing. But how do you calculate it? What do NDVI values represent? How do Earth scientists use NDVI?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n
\n

“Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) quantifies vegetation by measuring the difference between near-infrared (which vegetation strongly reflects) and red light (which vegetation absorbs).”<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n

\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n
\n

How do you calculate NDVI?<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

As shown below, Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI)<\/strong> uses the NIR and red channels in its formula.<\/p>\n\n\n

\n
\"ndvi<\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n

Healthy vegetation (chlorophyll) reflects more near-infrared (NIR) and green light compared to other wavelengths. But it absorbs more red and blue light.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

This is why our eyes see vegetation as the color green<\/strong>. If you could see near-infrared, then it would be strong for vegetation too. Satellite sensors like Landsat<\/a> and Sentinel-2<\/a> both have the necessary bands with NIR and red.<\/p>\n\n\n

\n
\"ndvi
Image courtesy of NASA.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n

The result of this formula generates a value between -1 and +1. If you have low reflectance (or low values) in the red channel and high reflectance in the NIR channel, this will yield a high NDVI value. And vice versa.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Overall, NDVI is a standardized way to measure healthy vegetation. When you have high NDVI values, you have healthier vegetation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

When you have low NDVI, you have less or no vegetation. Generally, if you want to see vegetation change over time, then you will have to perform an atmospheric correction<\/a>.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n

\n

Example of NDVI in agriculture<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Let’s examine NDVI for an agricultural area with center pivot irrigation. Pivot irrigation rotates on a point creating a circular crop pattern.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In true color<\/strong>, here’s how it looks for red, green, and blue bands. We say true color<\/em> because it is the same as how our eyes see.<\/p>\n\n\n

\n
\"pivot<\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n

In the formula, you can see how NDVI leverages near-infrared (NIR). So when we put the NIR band to display as red, we get color infrared<\/strong>. We say color infrared because near-infrared is in the red channel. As you can see below, the pivot irrigation vegetation should already be shouting out at you in bright red!<\/p>\n\n\n

\n
\"pivot<\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n

When you apply the formula, bright green indicates high NDVI. Whereas red has low NDVI. So it’s quantifying vegetation by measuring the difference between near-infrared (which vegetation strongly reflects) and red light (which vegetation absorbs).<\/p>\n\n\n

\n
\"pivot<\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n

As you can see, it’s easy to pick out the pivot irrigation circles using NDVI. It makes it easier to classify because of NDVI.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n

\n

How do we use NDVI?<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

We see several sectors using NDVI. For example, in agriculture, farmers use NDVI for precision farming and to measure biomass.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Whereas, in forestry, foresters use NDVI to quantify forest supply and leaf area index.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Furthermore, NASA states that NDVI is a good indicator of drought<\/a>. When water limits vegetation growth, it has a lower relative NDVI and density of vegetation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In reality, there are hundreds of applications where NDVI and other remote sensing applications<\/a> are being applied in the real world.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n

\n

Which satellite imagery has near-infrared for NDVI?<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

As mentioned before, satellites like Sentinel-2<\/a>, Landsat<\/a>, and SPOT<\/a> produce red and near-infrared images.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

This list of 15 free satellite imagery<\/a> data sources has data that you can download and create NDVI maps in ArcGIS<\/a> or QGIS.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

For example, we use NDVI in agriculture, forestry, and the environment.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Do you know any applications using NDVI?<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

NDVI quantifies vegetation health using near-infrared (which is reflected by vegetation) and red light (which is absorbed by vegetation).<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":96892,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_kad_blocks_custom_css":"","_kad_blocks_head_custom_js":"","_kad_blocks_body_custom_js":"","_kad_blocks_footer_custom_js":"","_kad_post_transparent":"default","_kad_post_title":"default","_kad_post_layout":"default","_kad_post_sidebar_id":"","_kad_post_content_style":"default","_kad_post_vertical_padding":"default","_kad_post_feature":"","_kad_post_feature_position":"","_kad_post_header":false,"_kad_post_footer":false,"_kad_post_classname":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[92],"tags":[442],"class_list":["post-15813","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-remote-sensing","tag-remote-sensing-analysis"],"yoast_head":"\nWhat is NDVI 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