{"id":49076,"date":"2021-03-11T04:51:34","date_gmt":"2021-03-11T10:51:34","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/gisgeography.com\/?p=49076"},"modified":"2025-04-01T17:18:04","modified_gmt":"2025-04-01T22:18:04","slug":"space-time-cubes","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/gisgeography.com\/space-time-cubes\/","title":{"rendered":"Space-Time Cubes: Stack Time Like Lego"},"content":{"rendered":"<style>.kb-image49076_f3d05e-9e .kb-image-has-overlay:after{opacity:0.3;}<\/style>\n<figure class=\"wp-block-kadence-image kb-image49076_f3d05e-9e size-medium_large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"768\" height=\"482\" src=\"https:\/\/gisgeography.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/Space-Time-Cubes-Features-768x482.png\" alt=\"Space Time Cubes Features\" class=\"kb-img wp-image-49078\" srcset=\"https:\/\/gisgeography.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/Space-Time-Cubes-Features-768x482.png 768w, https:\/\/gisgeography.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/Space-Time-Cubes-Features-300x188.png 300w, https:\/\/gisgeography.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/Space-Time-Cubes-Features-678x425.png 678w, https:\/\/gisgeography.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/Space-Time-Cubes-Features-50x31.png 50w, https:\/\/gisgeography.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/Space-Time-Cubes-Features-200x125.png 200w, https:\/\/gisgeography.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/Space-Time-Cubes-Features-425x267.png 425w, https:\/\/gisgeography.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/Space-Time-Cubes-Features-550x345.png 550w, https:\/\/gisgeography.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/Space-Time-Cubes-Features-115x72.png 115w, https:\/\/gisgeography.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/Space-Time-Cubes-Features-360x226.png 360w, https:\/\/gisgeography.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/Space-Time-Cubes-Features.png 1175w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 768px) 100vw, 768px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group\" style=\"padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--30);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--30)\"><div class=\"wp-block-group__inner-container is-layout-constrained wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\">\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">What are space-time cubes?<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Space-time cubes show how phenomena change over time within geographic space. In a <strong>space-time cube<\/strong>, each cube represents a slice of time.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>For example, top cubes have newer timestamps. Whereas bottom cubes have older timestamps.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>By looking at the slices of time from bottom to top, you can see a <strong>temporal change<\/strong> in that geographic area.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Let&#8217;s take a look at some of the patterns you can see for this type of <a href=\"https:\/\/gisgeography.com\/3d-analysis\/\">3D analysis and visualization<\/a>. Also, let&#8217;s think of some examples of when it is appropriate to use space-time cubes.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group\" style=\"padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\"><div class=\"wp-block-group__inner-container is-layout-constrained wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\">\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Space-time cubes example<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>You can aggregate points by counting how many points fall into each bin. Typically, bins are cubes. Hence, this is why we call them space-time cubes. But they can be anything such as hexbins or counties.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"360\" height=\"257\" src=\"https:\/\/gisgeography.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/Space-Time-Cubes-360x257.png\" alt=\"Space Time Cubes\" class=\"wp-image-49080\" srcset=\"https:\/\/gisgeography.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/Space-Time-Cubes-360x257.png 360w, https:\/\/gisgeography.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/Space-Time-Cubes-300x214.png 300w, https:\/\/gisgeography.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/Space-Time-Cubes-678x484.png 678w, https:\/\/gisgeography.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/Space-Time-Cubes-50x36.png 50w, https:\/\/gisgeography.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/Space-Time-Cubes-200x143.png 200w, https:\/\/gisgeography.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/Space-Time-Cubes-425x303.png 425w, https:\/\/gisgeography.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/Space-Time-Cubes-550x392.png 550w, https:\/\/gisgeography.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/Space-Time-Cubes-115x82.png 115w, https:\/\/gisgeography.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/Space-Time-Cubes.png 754w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 360px) 100vw, 360px\" \/><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<p>If you look at the symbology, we often use red to <strong>represent hot spots<\/strong>. Whereas, it&#8217;s common to use blue for cold spots.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>For example, you have a set of points that represent crime locations. A space-time aggregates the number of crimes for each month.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"360\" height=\"257\" src=\"https:\/\/gisgeography.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/Space-Time-Cubes-Pattern-360x257.png\" alt=\"Space Time Cubes Pattern\" class=\"wp-image-49083\" srcset=\"https:\/\/gisgeography.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/Space-Time-Cubes-Pattern-360x257.png 360w, https:\/\/gisgeography.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/Space-Time-Cubes-Pattern-300x214.png 300w, https:\/\/gisgeography.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/Space-Time-Cubes-Pattern-678x484.png 678w, https:\/\/gisgeography.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/Space-Time-Cubes-Pattern-50x36.png 50w, https:\/\/gisgeography.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/Space-Time-Cubes-Pattern-200x143.png 200w, https:\/\/gisgeography.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/Space-Time-Cubes-Pattern-425x303.png 425w, https:\/\/gisgeography.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/Space-Time-Cubes-Pattern-550x392.png 550w, https:\/\/gisgeography.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/Space-Time-Cubes-Pattern-115x82.png 115w, https:\/\/gisgeography.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/Space-Time-Cubes-Pattern.png 754w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 360px) 100vw, 360px\" \/><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<p>Sequentially, every other month is stacked above using their respective values. This means you can observe how crime changes by looking out for hot spots in a series of space-time cubes.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group\" style=\"padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\"><div class=\"wp-block-group__inner-container is-layout-constrained wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\">\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Hot and cold spot patterns<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>The goal is to understand if there are any <strong>patterns in the underlying data<\/strong>. The Getis-Ord G* statistic finds trends in the data by comparing it to neighboring bins.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Patterns can be anything from:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>New hot and cold spots<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Intensifying hot or cold spot<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Sporadic or oscillating<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>Overall, it&#8217;s a neat visualization that incorporates both space and time. It&#8217;s easy to see the temporal change in a geographic area by looking at the <strong>stack of space-time cubes<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group\" style=\"padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\"><div class=\"wp-block-group__inner-container is-layout-constrained wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\">\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Examples of Space-Time Cubes<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Anything that has time and geography associated is either a bunch of point features for aggregation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Vegetation health such as <a href=\"https:\/\/gisgeography.com\/ndvi-normalized-difference-vegetation-index\/\">NDVI<\/a> over time<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Poverty rates change<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Outages in electricity<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>Here is an example of a space-time cube web scene in <a href=\"https:\/\/gisgeography.com\/esri-arcgis-online-agol\/\">ArcGIS Online (AGOL)<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"682\" height=\"333\" src=\"https:\/\/gisgeography.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/01\/Space-Time-Cube-Exploration-4D.jpg\" alt=\"Space Time Cube Exploration 4D\" class=\"wp-image-96841\" style=\"width:600px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/gisgeography.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/01\/Space-Time-Cube-Exploration-4D.jpg 682w, https:\/\/gisgeography.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/01\/Space-Time-Cube-Exploration-4D-300x146.jpg 300w, https:\/\/gisgeography.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/01\/Space-Time-Cube-Exploration-4D-678x331.jpg 678w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 682px) 100vw, 682px\" \/><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<p>The idea is that you start with a NetCDF, and then the tool aggregates their spatial location into bins. Then, you can package it up in a web scene for users to view and consume.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group\" style=\"padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\"><div class=\"wp-block-group__inner-container is-layout-constrained wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\">\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Space-time cubes in 4D<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>To recap: The purpose of space-time cubes is to incorporate both a temporal and geographic component.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Go up the stack of cubes, and see how things change in time. Older cubes are on the bottom. Newer time stamps and on top. Stack blocks <strong>like they\u2019re Lego<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>When you put it in a 3D environment, you get a <strong>4D space-time cube<\/strong> in a way. Finally, use it to find patterns that emerge based on color.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Neat concept? Yes. Is it practical? Well, why don&#8217;t you let me know? Do you use space-time cubes in your geo-visualization toolset?<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Space-time cubes show how phenomena change over time within geographic space. In a space-time cube, each cube represents a slice of time. <\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":49078,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_kad_blocks_custom_css":"","_kad_blocks_head_custom_js":"","_kad_blocks_body_custom_js":"","_kad_blocks_footer_custom_js":"","_kad_post_transparent":"default","_kad_post_title":"default","_kad_post_layout":"default","_kad_post_sidebar_id":"","_kad_post_content_style":"default","_kad_post_vertical_padding":"default","_kad_post_feature":"","_kad_post_feature_position":"","_kad_post_header":false,"_kad_post_footer":false,"_kad_post_classname":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[108],"tags":[437],"class_list":["post-49076","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-maps-cartography","tag-map-types"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.6 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Space-Time Cubes: Stack Time Like Lego - GIS Geography<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Space-time cubes show how phenomena change over time within geographic space. 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