{"id":69070,"date":"2022-04-23T06:35:39","date_gmt":"2022-04-23T11:35:39","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/gisgeography.com\/?p=69070"},"modified":"2025-04-10T19:48:48","modified_gmt":"2025-04-11T00:48:48","slug":"landsat-9","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/gisgeography.com\/landsat-9\/","title":{"rendered":"Landsat 9: A Legacy of Earth Observation"},"content":{"rendered":"<style>.kb-image69070_1e3b0e-8e .kb-image-has-overlay:after{opacity:0.3;}<\/style>\n<figure class=\"wp-block-kadence-image kb-image69070_1e3b0e-8e size-medium_large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"768\" height=\"379\" src=\"https:\/\/gisgeography.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/Landsat-9-Feature-768x379.png\" alt=\"Landsat-9 Feature\" class=\"kb-img wp-image-69071\" srcset=\"https:\/\/gisgeography.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/Landsat-9-Feature-768x379.png 768w, https:\/\/gisgeography.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/Landsat-9-Feature-300x148.png 300w, https:\/\/gisgeography.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/Landsat-9-Feature-678x334.png 678w, https:\/\/gisgeography.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/Landsat-9-Feature-50x25.png 50w, https:\/\/gisgeography.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/Landsat-9-Feature-200x99.png 200w, https:\/\/gisgeography.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/Landsat-9-Feature-425x210.png 425w, https:\/\/gisgeography.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/Landsat-9-Feature-550x271.png 550w, https:\/\/gisgeography.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/Landsat-9-Feature-115x57.png 115w, https:\/\/gisgeography.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/Landsat-9-Feature-1265x624.png 1265w, https:\/\/gisgeography.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/Landsat-9-Feature-360x177.png 360w, https:\/\/gisgeography.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/Landsat-9-Feature.png 1359w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 768px) 100vw, 768px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group\" style=\"padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--30);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--30)\"><div class=\"wp-block-group__inner-container is-layout-constrained wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\">\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Landsat 9: A Brief Overview<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>The Landsat program is the longest-running Earth observatory program with <strong>over 50 years<\/strong> of continuous remote sensing observations of our planet.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>In order to continue its <strong>long-standing legacy<\/strong>, NASA and the USGS launched Landsat-9 in September 2021 as the ninth satellite as part of this program.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>From monitoring crops to tracking deforestation, the <a href=\"https:\/\/gisgeography.com\/landsat\/\">Landsat program<\/a> has been a key driver in meeting the growing demand for data that decision-makers need to understand our changing planet.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>This article will take you through a brief overview of the Landsat-9 satellite. What are its spectral bands? And how is it different from <a href=\"https:\/\/gisgeography.com\/landsat-8-bands-combinations\/\">Landsat-8<\/a>?<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group\" style=\"padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\"><div class=\"wp-block-group__inner-container is-layout-constrained wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\">\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Landsat-9 Band Designations<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>From a band designation perspective, you can consider the instruments on Landsat 9 as a copy of Landsat 8. However, there are some improvements in <a href=\"https:\/\/gisgeography.com\/bit-depth\/\">radiometric resolution<\/a> as described below.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table><tbody><tr><td><strong>Band Number<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>Description<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>Wavelength<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>Resolution<\/strong><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Band 1<\/td><td>Coastal \/ Aerosol<\/td><td>0.433 to 0.453 \u00b5m<\/td><td>30 meter<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Band 2<\/td><td>Visible blue<\/td><td>0.450 to 0.515 \u00b5m<\/td><td>30 meter<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Band 3<\/td><td>Visible green<\/td><td>0.525 to 0.600 \u00b5m<\/td><td>30 meter<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Band 4<\/td><td>Visible red<\/td><td>0.630 to 0.680 \u00b5m<\/td><td>30 meter<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Band 5<\/td><td>Near-infrared<\/td><td>0.845 to 0.885 \u00b5m<\/td><td>30 meter<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Band 6<\/td><td>Short wavelength infrared<\/td><td>1.56 to 1.66 \u00b5m<\/td><td>30 meter<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Band 7<\/td><td>Short wavelength infrared<\/td><td>2.10 to 2.30 \u00b5m<\/td><td>60 meter<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Band 8<\/td><td>Panchromatic<\/td><td>0.50 to 0.68 \u00b5m<\/td><td>15 meter<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Band 9<\/td><td>Cirrus<\/td><td>1.36 to 1.39 \u00b5m<\/td><td>30 meter<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Band 10<\/td><td>Long wavelength infrared<\/td><td>10.3 to 11.3 \u00b5m<\/td><td>100 meter<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Band 11<\/td><td>Long wavelength infrared<\/td><td>11.5 to 12.5 \u00b5m<\/td><td>100 meter<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group\" style=\"padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\"><div class=\"wp-block-group__inner-container is-layout-constrained wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\">\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Differences From Landsat-8<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>One of the major differences between Landsat-9 and its predecessors is an <strong>improvement in radiometric resolution<\/strong> for the Operational Land Imager 2 (OLI-2).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Previously, Landsat-8&#8217;s 12-bit resolution could differentiate between 4,096 shades of a given wavelength (and just 256 shades for Landsat-7). But Landsat-9&#8217;s 14-bit resolution provides 16,384 shades, which is a significant improvement.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The other major difference is an <strong>improvement in the thermal infrared sensor (TIRS-2)<\/strong>. Because TIRS-2 can reduce the amount of stray light, this improves atmospheric correction and in turn, gives better readings for surface temperature.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1140\" height=\"505\" src=\"https:\/\/gisgeography.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/OLI-2-TIRS-2-Wavelength-Sensors.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-69075\" srcset=\"https:\/\/gisgeography.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/OLI-2-TIRS-2-Wavelength-Sensors.jpg 1140w, https:\/\/gisgeography.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/OLI-2-TIRS-2-Wavelength-Sensors-300x133.jpg 300w, https:\/\/gisgeography.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/OLI-2-TIRS-2-Wavelength-Sensors-678x300.jpg 678w, https:\/\/gisgeography.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/OLI-2-TIRS-2-Wavelength-Sensors-768x340.jpg 768w, https:\/\/gisgeography.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/OLI-2-TIRS-2-Wavelength-Sensors-50x22.jpg 50w, https:\/\/gisgeography.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/OLI-2-TIRS-2-Wavelength-Sensors-200x89.jpg 200w, https:\/\/gisgeography.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/OLI-2-TIRS-2-Wavelength-Sensors-425x188.jpg 425w, https:\/\/gisgeography.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/OLI-2-TIRS-2-Wavelength-Sensors-550x244.jpg 550w, https:\/\/gisgeography.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/OLI-2-TIRS-2-Wavelength-Sensors-115x51.jpg 115w, https:\/\/gisgeography.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/OLI-2-TIRS-2-Wavelength-Sensors-360x159.jpg 360w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1140px) 100vw, 1140px\" \/><\/figure>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group\" style=\"padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\"><div class=\"wp-block-group__inner-container is-layout-constrained wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\">\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Download Landsat-9 Imagery<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Every day, Landsat-9 orbits the Earth 14 times and captures approximately 700+ images per day. With a near-polar orbit, Landsat-9 alone obtains coverage of our planet <strong>every 16 days<\/strong>. But if you include the tandem of both Landsat-9 with Landsat-8 working together, they can achieve global coverage in <strong>just 8 days<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>One of the bright spots about the entire Landsat program (and <a href=\"https:\/\/gisgeography.com\/sentinel-2-bands-combinations\/\">Sentinel 2 imagery<\/a>) is that it&#8217;s completely open to the public to download. Here are some of the most reliable providers for accessing Landsat-9 data.<\/p>\n\n\n<style>.kb-image69070_f08402-03.kb-image-is-ratio-size, .kb-image69070_f08402-03 .kb-image-is-ratio-size{max-width:700px;width:100%;}.wp-block-kadence-column > .kt-inside-inner-col > .kb-image69070_f08402-03.kb-image-is-ratio-size, .wp-block-kadence-column > .kt-inside-inner-col > .kb-image69070_f08402-03 .kb-image-is-ratio-size{align-self:unset;}.kb-image69070_f08402-03 figure{max-width:700px;}.kb-image69070_f08402-03 .image-is-svg, .kb-image69070_f08402-03 .image-is-svg img{width:100%;}.kb-image69070_f08402-03 .kb-image-has-overlay:after{opacity:0.3;}<\/style>\n<div class=\"wp-block-kadence-image kb-image69070_f08402-03\"><figure class=\"aligncenter size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"678\" height=\"207\" src=\"https:\/\/gisgeography.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/USGS-Earth-Explorer-Download-678x207.jpg\" alt=\"USGS Earth Explorer Download\" class=\"kb-img wp-image-97790\" srcset=\"https:\/\/gisgeography.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/USGS-Earth-Explorer-Download-678x207.jpg 678w, https:\/\/gisgeography.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/USGS-Earth-Explorer-Download-300x92.jpg 300w, https:\/\/gisgeography.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/USGS-Earth-Explorer-Download-768x234.jpg 768w, https:\/\/gisgeography.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/USGS-Earth-Explorer-Download.jpg 1000w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 678px) 100vw, 678px\" \/><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/earthexplorer.usgs.gov\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">USGS EarthExplorer<\/a> &#8211; First, make sure to check out this <a href=\"https:\/\/gisgeography.com\/usgs-earth-explorer-download-free-landsat-imagery\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">guide on how to download Landsat data<\/a> to quickly get started. You will be able to find Landsat-9 imagery under the &#8220;Landsat&#8221; products in the datasets tab. There are options for Level-1, Level-2, and Analysis Ready Data.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/m2m.cr.usgs.gov\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Machine to Machine (M2M)<\/a> &#8211; This API is a JSON-based REST API where you can make requests with download URLs to the Landsat inventories. The download options are the same as the USGS Earth Explorer, but M2M uses the REST API for retrieving data.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group\" style=\"padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\"><div class=\"wp-block-group__inner-container is-layout-constrained wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\">\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Quick Facts<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>There&#8217;s a lot to know about Landsat-9 so here are some quick facts to find out more about its orbit, altitude, and more.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"alignright\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"425\" height=\"141\" src=\"https:\/\/gisgeography.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/Landsat-9-Satellite-425x141.png\" alt=\"Landsat-9 Satellite\" class=\"wp-image-69076\" srcset=\"https:\/\/gisgeography.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/Landsat-9-Satellite-425x141.png 425w, https:\/\/gisgeography.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/Landsat-9-Satellite-300x99.png 300w, https:\/\/gisgeography.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/Landsat-9-Satellite-678x224.png 678w, https:\/\/gisgeography.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/Landsat-9-Satellite-768x254.png 768w, https:\/\/gisgeography.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/Landsat-9-Satellite-50x17.png 50w, https:\/\/gisgeography.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/Landsat-9-Satellite-200x66.png 200w, https:\/\/gisgeography.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/Landsat-9-Satellite-550x182.png 550w, https:\/\/gisgeography.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/Landsat-9-Satellite-115x38.png 115w, https:\/\/gisgeography.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/Landsat-9-Satellite-360x119.png 360w, https:\/\/gisgeography.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/Landsat-9-Satellite.png 1196w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 425px) 100vw, 425px\" \/><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Operational Land Imager 2 (OLI-2): 9 spectral bands as Band 1 to 9 (15m, 30m, and 60m)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Thermal Infrared Sensor 2 (TIRS-2): 2 thermal bands as Band 10 and 11 (100m spatial resolution)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Radiometric Resolution: 14-bit<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Launch Date: September 27, 2021<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Launch Location: Vandenberg Air Force Base in California<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Altitude: 438 miles (705 kilometers)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Orbit Duration: 99 minutes<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Orbits per Day: 14<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Design Life: 5 Years<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Images per Day: 700+<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Coverage of Earth: Every 16 days<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>Plus, here is the <a href=\"https:\/\/gisgeography.com\/landsat-file-naming-convention\/\">Landsat file naming convention<\/a> if you want to know how the scene identifiers organize each Landsat image.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group\" style=\"padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\"><div class=\"wp-block-group__inner-container is-layout-constrained wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\">\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">What&#8217;s Next?<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>The Landsat program has been an essential tool in studying the Earth from space for over four decades.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>It supports a wide range of applications and services, including monitoring the state of the environment, improving crop management, and tracking natural hazards.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The Landsat-9 satellite is the latest in the series, having launched in late 2021 to continue its legacy as the <strong>longest Earth observation program in history<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Remember if you want to learn more applications and use cases for Landsat, don&#8217;t forget to read our <a href=\"https:\/\/gisgeography.com\/remote-sensing-applications\/\">100 remote sensing applications and uses<\/a> with more exciting opportunities.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group\" style=\"padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\"><div class=\"wp-block-group__inner-container is-layout-constrained wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\">\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">References<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.usgs.gov\/landsat-missions\/landsat-9\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Landsat 9 Overview &#8211; Mission, Instruments, and Bands<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/earthexplorer.usgs.gov\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">USGS Earth Explorer<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div><\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>In order to continue the Landsat program&#8217;s long-standing legacy, NASA and the USGS launched Landsat-9 in September 2021 as the 9th satellite.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":97792,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_kad_blocks_custom_css":"","_kad_blocks_head_custom_js":"","_kad_blocks_body_custom_js":"","_kad_blocks_footer_custom_js":"","_kad_post_transparent":"default","_kad_post_title":"default","_kad_post_layout":"default","_kad_post_sidebar_id":"","_kad_post_content_style":"default","_kad_post_vertical_padding":"default","_kad_post_feature":"","_kad_post_feature_position":"","_kad_post_header":false,"_kad_post_footer":false,"_kad_post_classname":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[92],"tags":[147],"class_list":["post-69070","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-remote-sensing","tag-satellites"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.6 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Landsat 9: A Legacy of Earth 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